The Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder - 1230 Words

When people hear the term bipolar, they tend to think of different definitions. Everybody has his or her own definition of bipolar. Nobody actually takes the time to research to find out what being bipolar really means to people who suffer from this disorder. Bipolar disorder is a serious psychological illness which can, however, be controlled with counseling and with medications. First is the symptoms of bipolar disorder. There are many symptoms of BPD, but as J. Sloan Manning, author of â€Å"bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, and comorbid illness,† states psychologists do not yet have any discrete â€Å"biomarkers† for bipolar disorder. He goes on to say that they need to â€Å"improve the current methods and accuracy in identifying symptoms, behaviors, histories, and known comorbidities† of BPD. Sloan also stated that â€Å"primary care physicians must be familiar with the clinical features, risk factors, and defining symptomology of BPD. A major feature of BPD is comorbidity or multimorbidity, which means, â€Å"the array of co- occurring conditions and modifiable risk factors that may be indirectly related to BPD† (1-2). Now quoted in â€Å"Rethinking Emotion: Cognitive Reappraisal is an Effective Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation Strategy in Bipolar Disorder,† the â€Å"core diagnostic criterion for [BPD] i nvolves disruptive affective functioning, including periods of abnormally and persistently elevated mood [i.e. mania]† (Gruber 1) Next is exactly what BPD is. Quoted in â€Å"Rethinking Emotion†Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder706 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is characterized by changes in mood. It can lead to risky behavior, damage relationships and careers, and even suicidal outcomes if it’s not treated. Bipolar disorder is more common in older teenagers and young adults, it can affect children as young as 6. Women experience more periods of depression than men. More remains to be learned about this condition that affects millions of people. Aretaeus of Cappadocia began the process of detailingRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1486 Words   |  6 Pagespeople may think that having bipolar disorder means that anyone with the disorder are just simply put, â€Å"crazy†, I was one of those people but the meanings of those two things couldn’t possibly be any more different. Bipolar disorder is defined as â€Å"A disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.†(google.com) â€Å"Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness with recurring episodes of mania and depression†(nami.org). â€Å"The term â€Å"bipolar† — which means â€Å"two poles† signifyingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1454 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the greatly investigated neurological disorders is Bipolar Disorder. Regrettably, due to social stigma, funding issues, and a lack of education, many who are dealing with this disorder do not receive adequate treatment. Bipolar disorder, is also known as manic-depressive illness, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and the ability to carry out normal daily tasks. Symptoms of the disorder are severe and diverse from the normal ups and downs that everyone goesRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1648 Words   |  7 PagesBisecting Bipolar Disorder Introduction and Background Overview 3.9% of adults in the United States are suffering from bipolar disorder as of 2014 according to the National Institute of Mental Health (Jann, 2014). Although rare, it is still a prevalent disease in the realm of mental health and requires special attention from healthcare providers. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition described by repeated manic or depressive episodes. Furthermore, due to the extreme mood swings and emotionalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1020 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder, formally known as ‘manic depression’, is known for its extreme mood swings; these can last anything from weeks to months and are far more extreme than moods most people would experience. Mood swings include episodes of highs and lows; these are known as mania and depressive episodes. Bipolar is a disorder that affects men and woman equally and affects around 1 in 100 adults. Symptoms usually start during or after adolescents and rarely start after the age of 40 (Royal CollegeRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages1 HelenKeller541 Physiology October 26, 2016 Abstract: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder; also referred to as manic depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, 2013). Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder with manic episodes, it is placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostics in terms of symptomology, family historyRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is simply defined as a manic depressive illness, which affects a persons mood and energy. However, the way it affects a person’s mood is dramatic and severe. These are severe moods are called episodes of mania and depression, which means a person who suffers from bipolar disorder might be extremely excited and happy one day, and extremely depressed the next day. In some cases, depressive or manic episodes last weeks, and in some cases these episodes last days. People who suffer fromRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1493 Words   |  6 PagesRorman Ms. Chrisman English 10 30 November 2016 Bipolar Disorder If people don’t get enough sleep and miss a meeting, they are just upset, but for people with bipolar disorder, it can trigger another episode to their week. Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder that can cause shifts in people s mood that are more unusual. Signs and symptoms can be different depending on if the person has manic or depressive episodes. A person with the disorder can also give their family and friends struggles, asideRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorders, also known as manic depression, are mental disorders characterized by shifting moods between depression and mania (Bressert, 2016). Those with a bipolar disorder, have extreme emotional states called mood periods. In the United States, more than 10 million people have bipolar disorder (Kennedy, 2015). It is lifelong, but can be treated. Although it can easily be treated, once patients choose to stop taking their medication their symptoms worsen. Around 15 percentRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1390 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch of bipolar disorder will not only describe in detail the symptoms and affects of this mood disorder, but it will also include the advantages, disadvantages of the treatment and medications, and the major role that medications take. Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood (mania), alternating with episodes of depression (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). The â€Å"mood swings† of mania and depre ssion are very sudden and can happen at anytime any place. Bipolar disorder is categorized

Accouting Practice Exam Free Essays

string(17) " on 1 July 2008\." FACULTY OF BUSINESS ACC100 ACCOUNTING 1 Sample examination TIME: 9. 20 – 12. 30 Hours WRITING TIME: Three (3) hours READING TIME: Ten (10) minutes MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY UNIVERSITY: Answer Booklets (4 x 6 page) General Purpose Answer Sheet GPAS-200R MATERIALS PERMITTED IN EXAMINATION: Writing implements, including a 2B pencil and an eraser Battery operated, hand held, no print facility calculator NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: Part A: Thirty Part B: Four (30) multiple choice (4) questions INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Accouting Practice Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Enter your name and student number and sign in the space provided at the bottom of this page. You must also enter your name and number in pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet, and upon the answer booklet. This examination consists of THIRTY (30) multiple choice questions in Part A and FOUR (4) questions in Part B. ALL questions must be answered. Part A (Multiple choice): Students must answer questions 1 – 30 on the answer sheet provided. Use a black lead pencil No 2 to fill in completely the letter box corresponding to the most correct answer. To change your answer, erase completely and remark. There are no marks deducted for incorrect answers. Candidates are advised to show all workings in Part B clearly labelling them as such. This examination is worth 60% of the final assessment. Students must pass the final exam to pass the subject. INSTRUCTIONS TO INVIGILATORS: 1 QUESTION PAPER MUST NOT BE RETAINED BY THE CANDIDATE. 2. 3. STUDENT NAME: ____________________________________ STUDENT No: _________________ STUDENT SIGNATURE: _____________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 mark each) Record your answers in pencil on the General Purpose Answer Sheet provided. 1 Purchasing inventory for cash has the following dual effect on the accounting equation: A B C D 2 increases an asset and increases a liability increases an asset and increases another asset decreases an asset and increases owner’s equity decreases an asset and increases an asset Purchasing office furniture partly for cash and partly on credit affects the accounting equation by: A B C D increasing an asset, increasing a liability and a decreasing an asset increasing an asset, decreasing a liability and decreasing an asset decreasing an asset, increasing a liability and increasing owner’s equity decreasing an asset, decreasing a liability and decreasing owner’s equity 3 All of the following equations of the basic accounting equation are correct except: A B C D assets = liabilities + owner’s equity economic resources = claims on economic resources assets – liabilities = owner’s equity assets + owner’s equity = liabilities 4 A business had assets of $260,000 and liabilities of $75,000. How much is its owner’s equity? A B C D $0 $185,000 $335,000 $260,000 5 The business document that reports assets, liabilities and owner’s equity is called the: A B C D financial statement transaction statement of financial position (balance sheet) statement of financial performance (profit and loss statement) 6 Terri operates a beauty salon. During the first month of operation Terri performed the following transactions: i ii iii iv v vi invested $2,000 in the business prepaid rent of $1000 purchased $1,500 of furniture on credit purchased $100 of supplies for cash paid $300 on the furniture purchased in iii purchased an antique mirror for $1,000, paying cash of $500 and putting $500 on credit. Using the accounting equation, the final balance on both sides is: A B C D 7 3,900 3,700 4,300 4,400 Use the following information to calculate the balance in John’s Capital account. Balance of accounts for John’s Cleaning on 31 March Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Cash at bank Equipment Supplies Bill Payable John, Capital A B C D $20,000 $17,500 $18,000 $15,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,500 $ 500 $20,000 $ 1,000 $ 4,000 ? 8 Under the cash basis of accounting: A B C D Net profit is the excess of cash inflows from revenue over cash outflows for expenses Revenue is recognized when goods are sold Expenses are recognized when costs are consumed B and C 3 Judy’s Hairdressing Salon uses cash accounting. During 2005 the salon reported $41,000 in wages paid on the income statement. At year-end 2005 wages owing but unpaid were $2,400. If the salon changed to accrual accounting, how much would be reported as wages expense for 2005? A B C D $38,600 $41,000 $43,400 $42,600 10 Which of the following statements concerning accrual accounting is true? A B C D Net profit is the excess o f cash inflows from revenue over cash outflows for expenses Revenue is recognised when earned and expenses when incurred. When there are credit transactions the accrual approach gives a better measure of economic performance than the cash approach B and C 11 Joe uses cleaning supplies on a daily basis. Under the accrual basis of accounting these supplies should be an expense of the period in which they are: A B C D Ordered Received Paid for Used 12 Prepaid insurance is reported as: A B C D An asset in the balance sheet A liability in the balance sheet An expense in the income statement B and C 13 Which of the following could be reported as a prepaid expense? A B C D A maintenance agreement paid in advance for the next two years Wages owing at the end of the period Rent collected in advance from tenants Interest income unpaid at the end of the period 14 According to an inventory count Cally Printing had office supplies amounting to $100 at year-end. It had $50 of supplies at the start of the year and had purchased $600 of supplies during the year. What was the supplies expense for the year? A B C D $650 $600 $550 $500 4 15 Which of the following statements relating to the Accumulated Depreciation account is correct? A B C D It normally is a balance on the left hand side of a T-account. It reflects the portion of the cost of an asset that has been assigned to expense since the item was purchased It provides information to users on the market value of assets It is classified as a liability in the balance sheet The following data relates to questions 16 to 18. Pam’s Machine Hire purchased a machine for $6,300 on 1 July 2008. You read "Accouting Practice Exam" in category "Essay examples" The machine had an estimated life of 7 years, at which time it was expected to have a sales value of $700. The straight-line method of depreciation was used. 16 What was the amount of depreciation charged as an expense on the machine by Pam’s Machine Hire for year ended 30 June 2009? A B C D 17 $771 $800 $900 $1,600 What was the balance of the Accumulated Depreciation – Machine account in the books of Pam’s Machine Hire at 30 June 2009 following the adjusting entry? A B C D $800 $1,600 $2,400 $2,700 18 What was the book value of the machine in the books of Pam’s Machine Hire at 30 June 2009 following the adjusting entry? A B C D $5,600 $3,900 $5,400 $5,500 5 19 Tom purchased two vehicles for his business on 1 January 2009. These vehicles cost $50,000 each and have a useful life of 5 years with an expected residual of $20,000 each. The adjusting entry required for depreciation on the two vehicles on 30 June 2005 is: A B C D Increase Accumulated Depreciation $6,000; Increase Depreciation Expense $6,000 Increase Depreciation Expense $12,000; Decrease Accumulated Depreciation $12,000 Increase Accumulated Depreciation $12,000; Decrease Depreciation Expense $12,000 Increase Depreciation Expense $6,000; Decrease Accumulated Depreciation $6,000 20 Unearned revenue is an example of a(n): A B C D Accrual Liability Asset Expense 21 Rent collected from a tenant in advance is considered: A B C D Unearned Revenue Prepaid Expense A liability Both A and C 2 On 1 July 2009 Zoe’s Bar Bistro rented out part of its property at a rate of $12,000 per year. On that date, nine months rent was collected in advance and was recorded as an increase to a liability account. At 31 December 2009, (Zoe’s year-end) which of the following adjusting entries should be made? A B C D Increase Cash, $6,000; Increase Rent Revenue, $6,0 00 Decrease Rent Revenue, $3,000; Increase Unearned Rent Revenue $3,000 Decrease Unearned Rent Revenue, $6,000; Increase Rent Revenue, $6,000 Increase Rent Receivable, $6,000; Increase Rent Revenue, $6,000 23 Working capital is determined by A B C D subtracting total liabilities from total assets adding current liabilities to total assets subtracting current liabilities from current assets adding total liabilities to current assets 6 24 Decision-makers may use liquidity ratios to measure a company’s financial flexibility. An example of a liquidity ratio would be the A B C D return on total assets current ratio gross profit ratio accounts receivable turnover The following information pertains to question 25. Maria’s Coffee reported $56 000 for current assets and $10 500 for other assets. It also had $17 000 of current liabilities. Maria’s quick assets totalled $22 000, and its long-term liabilities totalled $10 000. 25 Determine Maria’s working capital A B C D 26 $5 000 $39 000 $56 500 $12 500 The following entry appeared in the general journal of the SoHo Realty Company: Office Supplies Cash Accounts Payable 2,500 500 2,000 Which of the following statements is not true about the transaction recorded in the journal entry above? A B C D SoHo’s cash decreased by $500 Liabilities increased as a result of the transaction SoHo’s signed a note as part of the transaction The asset, office supplies, increased as a result of the transaction 27 End of year records from Sally’s Boutique show: $ Cash 20 Salaries Payable 10 Rent Expense 100 Interest Expense 50 Prepaid Rent 30 Salary Expense 20 Rent collected in advance 20 During the closing process the total debit to the Profit and Loss Summary account would be: A B C D $90 $100 $80 $170 28 Muffy Company reported the following for 2009 an d 2010: Accounts receivable, 31 December, 2009 Accounts receivable, 31 December, 2010 Sales for 2010 $ 7 000 3 000 85 000 How much cash was collected from customers during 2010? A B C D $81 000 $85 000 $89 000 $75 000 Use the following information to answer Questions 29 and 30 2010 $ 20 000 50 000 54 000 130 000 6 000 230 000 127 000 560 000 340 000 2009 $ 22 000 44 000 51 000 129 000 10 000 221 000 125 000 554 000 336 000 Cash at bank Marketable securities Accounts Receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses Plant and equipment Current liabilities Sales revenue (on account) Cost of goods sold 8 29 The current ratio for 2010 is: A B C D 2. 15:1 2. 05:1 1. 88:1 1. 75:1 30 Receivables turnover for 2010 is: A B C D 10. 4 times 21. 3 times 4. 10 times 10. 7 times 9 PART B: (ALL QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED) ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Question 1 Part A Recording transactions (20 marks) (10 marks) Matthew James Services Pty Ltd began a business consultancy service on 1 July 2010. The company uses a perpetual inventory system. The following transactions occurred during the first month of operations: July 2 Shareholders invested $46000 in the business in exchange for shares in the company. 2 Paid $20000 for the first six month’s rent. 2 Paid Local Energy Corp $300 as a deposit on electricity. 3 Purchased and installed shop fittings for a total cost of $21500 by issuing a cheque for $11500 and igning a commercial loan agreement for $10000. 4 Purchased supplies for $1580 4. Purchased $20000 worth of inventory for cash 6 Paid advertising expense of $1750. 16 Recorded sales for the first half of the month of $16480 in cash and $275 on account. Cost of inventory sold during the period was $7650. 20 Paid insurance expense for the first year of $1250. 23 Received a $50 payment from customers on account. 28 Paid salar ies of $1500. 31 Recorded revenue for the second half of the month of $22729 in cash and $530 on account. Cost of inventory sold during the period was $10890. 1 Paid telephone account of $110 by cheque. Use the following account titles and numbers: Cash at Bank, 100; Accounts Receivable, 101; Supplies, 103; Inventory 104; Deposits, 105; Shop Fittings, 110; Loan Payable, 200; Share Capital, 300; Retained Profits, 310; Dividends, 320; Sales, 400; Cost of Goods Sold, 450 Rent expense, 500; Advertising expense, 501; Insurance expense, 502; Telephone expense, 503; Salary expense, 504. Required: 1. Prepare the general journal entries to record the above transactions. 10 Question 1 Part B Financial Statements (10 marks) The adjusted trial balance of Crossing Australia Limited at 30 April 2009, after all adjustments, is as follows: Crossing Australia Ltd Adjusted Trial Balance as at 30 April 2009 Account Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance Equipment Accumulated Depreciation – equipment Building Accumulated Depreciation – building Land Accounts Payable Interest payable Wages payable Unearned Service revenue Bill payable, non-current Share capital Service Revenue Depreciation expense – equipment Depreciation expense – building Wages expense Interest expense Insurance expense Electricity and gas expense Supplies expense Total Dr 1,370 43,740 3,690 2,290 63,930 28,430 74,330 18,260 20,000 19,550 2,280 830 3,660 69,900 64,200 98,550 6,900 3,710 60,310 5,370 8,170 4,970 6,880 305,660 Cr 305,660 Required: Prepare a classified Income Statement and a Balance Sheet for Crossing Australia Limited. 11 Question 2 ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Question 2 Part A Financial statement analysis (15 marks) (10 marks) The following information has been extracted from the financial statements and the notes of Softwoods Ltd. 010 Cash assets Marketable securities Receivables Inventories Prepaid expenses Property plant and equipment Current liabilities Credit sales Cost of Goods Sold Total liabilities Total assets Net profit $34 100 110 000 74 800 187 000 4 400 308 000 183 700 979 000 587 400 593 000 650 000 98 000 2009 $37 400 104 500 77 000 173 800 6 600 269 500 167 200 951 500 573 000 567 000 612 000 83 000 Receivables and inventories balances in 2008 were the same as 2009. Required: Calculate the following for 2010 and 2009: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Current ratio Inventory turnover ratio Receivables turnover ratio Net profit ratio Debt to total assets ratio What conclusions can you come to in relation to Softwoods Ltd’s liquidity, profitability and solvency? 12 Question 2 Part B Journalise adjusting entries (5 marks) The trial balance of Please-Pass-Me at 30 June 2010, the end of the financial year, is as follows: Pass-Me-Please Trial Balance as at 30 June 2010 Account Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Furniture and fixtures Accumulated Depreciation furniture and fixtures Building Accumulated Depreciation building Accounts Payable Salary Payable Unearned Service revenue Capital Drawings Service Revenues Salary Expense Supplies Expense Depreciation Expense – furniture and fixtures Depreciation Expense – building Miscellaneous Expense Total Dr 198,000 370,000 6,000 100,000 40,000 250,000 130,000 380,000 45,000 293,000 65,000 286,000 172,000 Cr 13,000 1,174,000 1,174,000 Data needed for the adjusting entries include: a. b. c. d. e. f. Supplies on hand at year-end, $2,000 Depreciation on furniture and fixtures, $20,000 Depreciation on building, $10,000 Salaries owed but not yet paid, $5,000 Accrued service revenue, $12,000 Of the $45,000 balance of Unearned Service Revenue, $32, 000 was earned during the current financial year. Required: Prepare the adjusting general journal entries. 13 Question 3 ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Hardly Normal Ltd (15 marks) As at 30 June 2008 the company’s cash account in its GL has a debit balance of $5,815. 30. The bank statement balance as at 30 June 2008 showed a balance of $7,075. 80 Cr The following additional information was noted: †¢ The bank collected a direct deposit of $1200 for Hardly Normal from a debtor and charged $10 for doing so. On 30 June the bank statement showed a debit entry of $550 for a dishonoured cheque deposited by hardly Normal from IN Debt, a customer. The 30 June cash receipts of $1,819. 60 were not included in the bank deposits for June. They did not get processed until 1 July. Company cheque no. 480 issued to Joe Bloggs, a creditor, for $492 cleared the bank in June but it had been incorrectly recorded and posted in the company’s records as $429. The bank service charge for June was $25. Interest of $48 was received. It had not been previously accrued for. Unpresented chequ es at 30 June totalled $2,480. 10. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Required 1. 2. Prepare the necessary adjusting entries to the company’s GL as at 30 June 2008. Prepare the bank reconciliation statement as at 30 June 2008 (include workings for adjusting the GL). 14 Question 3 Part B Internal Control (5 marks) Fred Firkenstirker has worked for Derek Shonk Solicitors for several years. Fred hasn’t taken a holiday in the last three years. One of Fred’s primary duties is to open the mail and list the cheques received. He also takes cash from clients when they leave. At times it is so hectic that Fred doesn’t bother with giving clients a receipt for the cash paid on their accounts. He assures them he will see to it that they receive the proper credit. When the traffic is slow in the office Fred offers to help Mary post the payments received from clients to the accounts receivable ledger. She is always happy to receive his help, because he is a very conscientious worker. Required: Identify any principles of internal control that may be violated in this solicitor’s office situation. 15 Question 4 Statement of Cash Flows (20 marks) ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Choice Brother Pty Limited Balance Sheet 30 June 2010 Current assets Cash at bank Accounts receivable Total current assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment: at cost Accumulated depreciation Total non-current assets Total assets Current liabilities Accounts payable Salaries payable Total liabilities NET ASSETS Owner’s equity Share Capital Retained Profits TOTAL OWNER’S EQUITY 10,000 11,950 21,950 10,000 4,280 14,280 29,800 3,500 33,300 21,950 35,220 1,000 36,220 14,280 33,000 (17,000) 16,000 55,250 20,000 (8,000) 12,000 50,500 8,750 30,500 39,250 13,500 25,000 38,500 30 June 2009 Other information extracted from Choice Brothers Pty Limited Income Statement for the year ended 30 June 2010 as follows: Sales Revenue Gain on disposal of PPE Salaries Expense Other Expenses (ex. Dep. ) Net Profit Other information: †¢ 141,250 1,000 50,000 71,580 7,670 Equipment that originally cost the company $10,000 was sold during the year. The accumulated depreciated on the equipment sold was $4,000. Accounts payable balance relates to amounts owning that are classified under ‘Other Expenses’ †¢ 16 Required 1. Calculate the following cash flows: a) receipts from customers b) payments to employees c) payments for other expenses d) payments for property, plant and equipment e) receipts from the sale of property, plant and equipment (10 marks) 2. Prepare the company’s Cash Flows Statement for the year ended 30 June 2010. (10 marks) 17 Indicative examination solutions Part A: Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 D A D B C B C A C D D A A C B B A D A B D C C B B C D C B D 18 PART B Question 1 Question 1 Part A Recording transactions Matthews James Services Pty Ltd General Journal Date 2010 2 Jul Account titles and explanation Cash Share Capital (Issued shares) Rent expense Cash (Paid first 6 months rent) Deposit Cash (Deposit on electricity) Post. Ref 100 300 Debit 46,000 46,000 Credit (20 marks) (10 marks) 2 Jul 500 100 20,000 20,000 2 Jul 105 100 300 300 3 Jul Shop Fittings 110 21,500 Loan Payable 200 10,000 Cash 100 11,500 (Purchased shop fittings paid part by cash and part covered by a loan agreement) Supplies Cash (Paid for supplies) Inventory Cash (Paid cash for inventory) Advertising Expense Cash (Paid advertising expense) 103 100 1,580 1,580 4 Jul 4 Jul 104 100 20,000 20,000 6 Jul 01 100 1,750 1,750 16 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 Sales 400 Cost of Goods Sold 450 Inventory 104 (To record first half month sales) 20 Jul Insurance Expense Cash (Paid 1 year insurance policy) 502 100 16,480 275 16,755 7,650 7,650 1,250 1,250 19 23 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 (To record collection of accounts receivable) 28 Jul Salary Expense Cash (Paid salaries) 504 100 50 50 1,500 1,500 31 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 Sales 400 Cost of Goods Sold 450 Inventory 104 (To record second half month sales) 31 Jul Telephone expense Cash (Paid Telephone expense) 503 100 22,729 530 23,259 10,890 10,890 110 110 20 Question 1 Part B Financial Statements Crossing Australia Ltd Income Statement For the Year Ended 30 April 2009 (10 marks) Revenues: Service revenue Expenses: Wage expense Interest expense Depreciation expense – equipment Supplies expense Insurance expense Electricity and gas expense Depreciation expense – building Total expenses Net profit $98,550 $60,310 8,170 6,900 6,880 5,370 4,970 3,710 96,310 $2,240 21 Question 1 Part B continued Crossing Australia Ltd Balance Sheet As at 30 April 2009 Assets Current Assets Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance Total current assets Non-Current Assets Equipment Less: Acc. Depreciation Building Less: Acc. Depreciation Land Total Non-Current Assets TOTAL ASSETS Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Interest Payable Wages Payable Unearned Service Revenue Total Current Liabilities Non-Current Liabilities Bill Payable TOTAL LIABILITIES NET ASSETS Owner’s Equity Share Capital Retained Profits OWNER’S EQUITY $ 1, 370 43,740 3, 690 2, 290 $ 51,090 $63,930 (28,430) 74,330 (18,260) $35,500 56,070 20,000 111,570 $162,660 $19,550 2,280 830 3,660 26,320 69,900 96,220 $66,440 64,200 2,240 $66,440 22 Question 2 Question 2 Part A Financial statement analysis (15 marks) (10 marks) Formulae 1. Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities 2. Stock turn (Inventory turnover) = COGS/ Average inventory 3. Debtors turn (Receivables turnover) = Net sales/ Average net receivables 4. Net profit ratio = net profit/net sales 5. Debt to total assets ratio = total liabilities/total assets Calculations 2010 Current assets: $34,100 + $110,000 + $74,800 + $187,000 + $4,400 = $410,300 2009 Current assets: $37,400 + $104,500 + $77,000 + $173,800 + $6,600 = $399,300 2010 Average inventory: ($187,000 + $173,800)/2 2009 Average inventory: $173, 800 * assumed 2008 and 2009 same balances 2010 Average receivables: ($74,800 + $77,000)/2 = $75,900 2009 Average receivables: $77,000 * assumed 2008 and 2009 same balances 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Current ratio Stock turn Debtors turn Net profit Debt to assets 2010 410,300/183,700 = 2. 23 587,400/180,400 = 3. 26 979,000/75,900 = 12. 90 98,000/979,000 = 10% 593,000/650,000 = . 91 2009 399,300/167,200 = 2. 39 573,000/173,800 = 3. 1 951,500/77,000 = 12. 35 83,000/951,500 = 8. 7% 567,000/612,000 = . 92 Liquidity – Although it has declined slightly in 2004, Softwoods is financially sound in the short term with more than $2 in current assets to meet every $1 in current liabilities Prof itability – Net profit ratio has improved marginally in 2004 with Softwoods able turning 10c of every $1 of sales into profit. For a complete picture however the ratio would need to be compared to industry. Softwoods is collecting its debtors balances at the rate of more than 12 times per year and therefore slightly better than once a month. Stock turnover however is rather slow at just over three times per year. Of course the nature of the industry would need to be considered to assess whether this level of turnover was within expectations. Solvency – Softwoods is carrying a high level of long term debt with barely enough assets to cover liabilities. This raises some concern about their long term viability 23 Question 2 Part B Journalising adjusting entries Pass-Me-Please General Journal 30 June 2010 (5 marks) a) Dr Supplies Expense Cr Supplies b) Dr Depreciation Expense Cr Acc Depreciation (FF) c) Dr Depreciation Expense Cr Acc Depreciation (Building) d) Dr Salaries Expense Cr Salary Payable e) Dr Accounts Receivable Cr Service Revenues f) Dr Unearned Service Revenue Cr Service Revenues 4,000 4,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 12,000 12,000 32,000 32,000 24 Question 3 Question 3 Part A Date Bank reconciliation Debit (15 marks) (10 marks) Credit Account Titles and Explanation June 30 Cash at Bank Bank Charges Accounts Receivable 30 Accounts Receivable – IN Debt Cash at Bank 30 Accounts Payable – Joe Bloggs Cash at Bank 30 Bank Charges Cash at Bank 30 Cash at Bank Interest Revenue 1,190 10 1,200 550 550 63 63 25 25 48 48 (1) Original Cash at Bank account balance Add: Interest Collection of note receivable ($1,200 less collection fee $10) Less: Dishonoured cheque Error in recording cheque no. 2480 Bank service charge Adjusted Cash at Bank account balance $5,815. 30 48. 00 1,190. 00 ($550. 00) (63. 00) (25. 0) 1,238. 00 7,053. 30 (638. 00) $6,415. 30 Hardly Normal Limited Bank Reconciliation Statement As at 30 June 2007 Balance as per bank statement Add: Outstanding deposits Less: Unpresented cheques Balance as per Cash at Bank Account (1) Workings $7,075. 80 1,819. 60 8,895. 40 (2,480. 10) $6,415. 30 25 Question 3 Part B Inte rnal Control (5 marks) This may not be an exhaustive list. Additional control issues identified must actually link to the scenario provided in the question. Violations: 1. It is Mary’s responsibility to post payments to patient accounts. In allowing Fred to assist her, the establishment of responsibility principle is violated. 2. Although it appears to be a small office, it is not appropriate that Fred opens the mail, receives and records cash receipts from clients, and also appears to have custody of cash. This situation violates the segregation of duties principle. By posting to clients’ accounts it would be possible to post credits to patient accounts and pocket the cash. 3. The documentation principle is violated when clients are not given cash receipts. Although many professional offices do not have cash registers, computerised or manual receipts are customary and necessary. 4. Independent internal verification is also being violated. There is no independent counting of the cash and comparison to total receipts. 5. Other controls are being violated. There is no mention of Fred being bonded. Also, personnel should be required to take olidays to increase the likelihood of fraud being detected. 26 Question 4 Required 1 Statement of Cash Flows (20 marks) Receipts from customers = Sales revenue + openi ng accounts receivable – closing accounts receivable = 141,250 + 25,000 – 30,500 = 135,750 ? Payments to employees = salaries expense + opening salaries payable – closing salaries payable = 50,000 + 1,000 – 3,500 = 47,500 ? Payments for other operating expenses = other operating expenses + opening accounts payable – closing accounts payable = 71,580 + 35,220 – 29,800 = 77,000 ? Payment for purchases of PPE = increase in cost value of PPE + cost value of PPE sold = 13,000 + 10,000 = 23,000 ? Receipts from sale of PPE (is a two step process) = Original cost of assets – accumulated depreciation = carrying value of asset sold = 10,000 – 4,000 = 6,000 Carrying value of asset sold + profit on disposal (OR less loss on disposal) = 6,000 + 1,000 = 7,000 Required 2 Choice Brothers Pty Limited Cash Flows Statement (Partial) For the Year Ended 30 June 2010 Cash flows from operating activities $ Cash collections: From customers Cash payments: To employees For other operating expenses Net cash generated by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Cash collections: From sale of PPE Cash payments: For purchase of PPE Net cash generated by investing activities Net movement in cash Opening balance in cash 1 July 2009 Closing balance in cash 30 June 2010 135,750 (47,500) (77,000) 11,250 ? 7,000 (23,000) (16,000) (4,750) 13,500 8,750 27 28 How to cite Accouting Practice Exam, Essay examples

Business and Society Ethics Sustainability MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business and Society for Ethics Sustainability. Answer: Introduction Ethical considerations are a key part of practice that professionals in diverse fields must observe and demonstrate. Ethics refer to a set of standard for judging right from wrong where one is required to act honestly and fair during decision making [1]. In this case, it is a mistake to use the privilege of access to information to read the private emails of network users. In any case the duties in a workplace demand one to read such emails for security reasons, individuals using the network who have the right to information disclosure must be made aware of the move, and the reasons disclosed earlier. Therefore, employees must be made aware that the workplace emails are not supposed to serve for private reasons and that every mail written shall be monitored for them to take precautions during engagement Warren, Warren, Lucas Lucas [5]. The right to information disclosure is essential in ethics where individuals vulnerable have to understand the consequences of their actions before making a certain move. The situation calls for ethical reasoning in the process of carrying out duties along with carrying on the roles at workplace. Ethics call for doing the right act that does not cause harm to others. Monitoring websites visited by individuals can be a job routine which if done for the right reasons and way is justified. Workplace networks are supposed to be used for purely professional reasons and are the work of a network system professional to check this for quality management at the workplace. Monitoring sites being used for quality purposes to prevent visiting pornographic sites are efficient towards creating a safe environment that does not encourage misuse according to Warren, Warren, Lucas Lucas [5]. It is ethical to consider information disclosure to the parties involved in advance to make them aware of the fact that the sites visited should remain solely for professional purposes. Further, they should be made conscious of the fact that the sites visited can be monitored for quality purposes and the repercussions to such actions revealed. In this case, employees shall understand the rights given to the network management professionals regarding intrusion to the privacy for work quality management reasons . Placing key loggers on the network to capture information typed by individuals can be a security measure towards organization information protection and a measure of quality management limiting workers to use computers for work-related purposes. Besides, using screen captures serves the same reasons of upholding information security that might remain vulnerable in the absence of monitoring. Care must be taken not to infringe on the rights to privacy and information disclosure. Employees or individuals attached to a given network have the right to be informed of the actions that might be taken on their accounts in absentia to enable them to take the right precautions. In remaining ethical, individuals working on the networks must be made aware that their actions at the workplace shall be monitored and reasons spelled out; say to protect information disclosure to third parties. In this case, professionals would be remaining ethical in their practice. The right to privacy and information disclosure in organizations remains an essential path towards success. For security reasons, reading information stored in computers and the file server can be okay if it goes in line with the work duties of network management professional. Identification and Analysis Workplace ethics suggest the use of resources for the right purposes where such use must remain for work-related benefits and personal information should be used at ones risk as it violates workplace provisions., advocates that in the process of doing so, the parties whose information might be accessed should be notified in advance to prevent breaching the right to privacy and information disclosure. Acting positive to an organization demands carrying out duties according to the roles described. However, ethical guidelines provide an essential right to doing good and that which is morally upright. In so doing ethics would remain practiced by the professionals. The professional should monitor the data in organizations after having disclosed the possibility of the same to the employees to make them aware and only do so in good faith to the organization and not for personal reasons. Information security individuals ought to remain responsible to their organizations and as well ethical in their undertakings so as to avoid harming the rest of the employees in organizations. The case presents an ethical issue where a professional risks being compromised to does a substandard security issue to meet a clients demand. Security is a key measure to information safeguard and thus must be upheld to the latter. Network security professionals should not leave any information to risk to conform to clients demand and lack of finance. In this case, it would be unethical for a security expert to go ahead and configure a network in a manner that will jeopardize the security concerns of individuals [2]. Ethics call for full protection, and if funds for such are not available, such installations should be postponed. References Archie, Carroll, and Ann Buchholtz.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education, 2014. George H. Frederickson, and Richard K. Ghere.Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe, 2013. Thomas Peltier. R.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press, 2016. Shahryar Sorooshian. "Business Ethics for Mobile Network Operators."Science and Engineering Ethics(2017): 1-2. Matthew, Warren et al. "Ethics and ICT: Why all the fuss?."Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society14.2 (2016): 167-169. Joseph Weiss W.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2014.

Tomb Effigy Of Jaquelin DeFerriere Essays - Architectural Styles

Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere The Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere (Limestone, North French, late 13th century) is unusual in style for the time and place in which it was created. In the 13th century, Gothic art in France consisted of more three dimensional sculpture and more of a variety in the poses of the figures than in the Romanesque period which preceded it. The Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere falls into the transition period between the Romanesque (11th- 12th century) and Gothic time-frames (12th- 15th century), which may contribute to its flat, simple, linear appearance. Its appearance is not exactly Romanesque or Gothic, though it contains features from each period. The Tomb Effigy has the Romanesque features of being flat and rectangular with much empty space. The stiff pose of the figure is also Romanesque in style. The Tomb Effigy also has some Gothic features, such as the strong outline, which makes up each section of the image. This feature is reminiscent of French stained glass from around the same time period. The large, plain rectangular shape of the Tomb Effigy is like the boxy and geometric appearance of architecture from the Romanesque period. Buildings from the Romanesque period were generally plainer than in the Gothic period, with little decoration. They seemed to be sectioned in large rectangular shapes and had a boxy appearance. Saint Etienne, a church built in the Romanesque period in France, shows this geometric rectangular style (fig.2). The style is flat and does not feature many sculptural adornments, if any at all. As in the Tomb Effigy, the blank rectangle is interrupted only by the figure carving of Jaquelin deFerriere. This plain adornment carved into a large rectangle of Limestone is like the style displayed in the facades of Romanesque

Essay about Sexuality of Vampires

Essay about Sexuality of Vampires Essay about Sexuality of Vampires Sexuality of Vampires In Dracula, there are three other vampires besides Dracula. All three are female. There is an aire of sexuality whenever they are present. They have a very apparent influence over Mr. Harker. Whenever they are around him they seem to have a hypnotic spell over him, they also have an animal sexuality about them, and even the act of sucking blood has Mr. Harker in a sort of trance. The first time Mr. Harker meets these three vampires, he has been partially asleep. When he awakes, he finds three gorgeous women standing over him. Even though part of him knows he should be terrified, the other part is completely entranced with them. When he’s explaining how he feels about them he says, â€Å"There was something about them that made me uneasy, some longing and at the same time some deadly fear. I felt in my heart a wicked, burning sense of desire that they would kiss me with those red lips† (Stoker 45). He is even engaged, but the spell that these vampires have over him is so strong, that he nearly forgets about his fiance. The women also seem to have an animal side to them. Even this side has Harker completely transfixed. Seeing an animal side to someone would usually send people running, but as stated in the previous paragraph, the women have some sort of hypnotic spell. When Harker sees this side of them he says, â€Å"There was a deliberate volu ptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck she actually licked her lips like an animal, till I could see in the moonlight the moisture shining on the scarlet lips and on the red tongue as it lapped the white sharp teeth† (Stoker 46). Even the wolf side of them has Harker sexually attracted. The final act of sexuality that was done by the three women was simply the act of sucking blood. It is a sick, disgusting thing, but they have Harker practically craving it. As they are starting to descend on Harker, we read this on page 46, â€Å"Then she paused, and I could hear

Animals in our life

Animals play an extremely important part in the lives of humans. We may not realize how much impact animals have on our lives. They have played various roles; that of a friend, companion, protector, comforter, and more. Addressing people who are not animal lovers, I would say it is very difficult to explain what joy an animal can bring to ones life. Pets impact human lives on a face-to-face basis by being our companions, whether its a cat or a dog. Nothing is more comforting than having a dog greet you at the door, or a cat curl up in your lap. Pets help us in our daily life in terms of giving us the emotional support and ,personally, I find it most important. Also having a pet is a great way to teach a child caretaking skills. A pet must be fed and watered daily, on some days given a bath, and trained. In order to help children get used to the responsibilities involved in looking after a real pet, some parents buy them virtual pets. But if you ask me, this kind of toys is useless. If we talk about pets, we should clear up what is it to be a pet owner. Nowadays we are used to meet eccentric owners on the streets or in public places. Its their choice and right to celebrate their pets birthday with a party, or to talk to their pets on the phone, or even to permit their pets to enjoy the leftovers from the owner meal in a restaurant. But lets face the fact that some people are really animal crackers. I may be wrong, but keeping unusual pets or large amount of pets in little flat is absolutely insane action. Tigers, panthers and lions are ferocious, wild animals. They are not suited for domestic life and should never be kept as pets. Also if a large dog is not obedient to its owner, then it is a potential danger too. If youre going to take on a pup, you should respect other people and their privacy, think about the size of your apartment and about your free time, would it be enough for your pet?! Pet animals are often used for rehabilitation. Certain dogs, with special certification, are allowed to visit the residents in nursing homes. A recent survey has shown that animals enhance the lives of others. The sick and the elderly look forward to spending time with animals. Just petting an animal can have a calming effect. Animals have helped throughout history by working for humans. Many farmers use animals for their livelihood. Farmers raise cattle, lamb, sheep, goats and other animals simply to make a living. Many of these animals are used for meat or for milk. Dogs too can work on a farm helping the farmer with the sheep or cattle. Animals raised on farms are often our food and fur sources. Animals save our lives in many ways. For example, they guard our properties and perform heroic feats. Dogs are very smart and can be taught to do almost anything. Whether that is to find drugs, find a missing person or even find a bomb, they are amazing animals. People trained animals for handicapped individuals. Guide dogs for the blind people cant replace their eyes, but they can be an enormous help in making day-to-day life much easier and happier. Guide dogs assist their owners in their daily activities, from carrying large objects to directing a blind person through traffic. Furthermore, animals give their lives for the advancement of science. Lab rats are poked, prodded, injected with chemical substances and operated upon, all so that we may find new cures for the many diseases that threaten our quality of life. Animals affect everyones life, whether youre an animal-lover, animal-hater, animal-eater or animal-saver. Whether animals are house pets, working animals or used for experimentation they are very important to us and we need them as much as they need us.

Importance of Corporate Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Corporate Diversity - Essay Example Married households with children drove that drop as they went from 40% to 23%. What is most compelling about this change is the increase in Non-traditional households which have grown from 12% to 22%. This group is made up of all sorts of new family and household formations - mostly single parent households. Single-mother families grew from 3 million in 1970 to 10 million in 2003, while the number or single-father families grew from half a million to 2 million. Non-Traditional household formations also include gay and lesbian households and a newer phenomenon whereby older, single people (single parents are the drive) find long-term roommates to help alleviate the financial burdens that often come with living alone. As the number of combinations and permutations of how people lead their lives continues to grow, traditional demographics work less productively as proxies for attitudes. Therefore, truly understanding the needs and wants of consumers and building products that meet their unique circumstances becomes more and more challenging. A growing concept is that companies that incorporate diversity in their work force are more likely to innovative compared to those firms that do not. Therefore, it can be seen that diversity is now forcing firms to recruit, retain and develop employees from varying multicultural backgrounds, different ethnicities, minorities, and also from the socially disadvantageous groups in the society. This diversity affects businesses in several ways; firms can increase their product sales as efforts by executives having diverse background can bring and bring new ideas that enhance sales; a diverse work force brings in new customers because their diverse backgrounds help in serving the customers better according to their needs, a diverse workforce questions and challenges that they think might affect the customer base because of advertisements, slogans or product contents being offensive to a particular customer group; other issues such as globalization demands it; having a diverse work force also is supposed to increase the bottom line of the company since the company incorporating diversity is looked upon favorably by employees, customers and also by the legal and the regulatory authorities. Some of the benefits that organizations are experiencing as a result of work force diversity also include lower costs since firms now face lesser law suit costs by hiring the diverse workforce, which previously they tend to reject and faced lawsuits over it. The diverse work force strengthens and reinforces the culture that promotes creativity and innovation. As mentioned, diversity generally enhances the bottom line i.e. the profits, firms are also seen as favorable in stock markets thus trading at premium and are also seen as likely targets for mergers. Firms when growing in size are in dire need of new and more recruits, selecting from the diverse pool of human resources give them a broad base to select from. Diverse population has different and varying lifestyles, thus firm can use this to its own advantage by utilizing some at one time and some other when special circumstances occur. Diversity can

Extreme Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Extreme Risks - Essay Example Rees notes that some experiments, say launching of single nuclear weapon, are known to render threat to life on Earth. However, the magnitude of the impact of such experiments may not be amply intense to destroy the whole world. On the contrary, the author asserts that there are some physics experiments performed mainly for the purpose of pure scientific inquiry that could possibly pose global or even cosmic threat. For instance, device known as particle accelerators have been created to aid in the study of particle composition of the world. This machine is primarily utilized to investigate about most extreme energies and temperatures. Unbeknownst to many, such experiments that entail the smashing of atoms are said to possibly have disastrous effects on the universe. The author elaborates that this type of experiments may generate unprecedented concentration of energy which may lead to different catastrophic scenarios. This first scenario entails the formation of black hole that sucks in everything around it. However, Albert Einstein disputed this claim as the energy requirement for the formation of black hole is significantly greater than the amount of energy generated with the collision experiment. The second scenario involves the formation of strangelet, which is described as reassembled quarks. A strangelet is deemed harmless in itself but it said to possess the ability to convert anything it encounters into a new strange form of matter. With this, it could transform the entire planet into an inert hyperdense sphere. The third theory concerning vacuum is considered as the most disastrous. Some have speculated that the concentrated energy when particles crash together may set off a "phase transition" that would rip the fabric of space itself. Although experts have expressed that the likelihood of these scenarios occurring is minimal, Rees asserts that we cannot be completely sure of the outcome. This is because the probabilities assigned to these scenarios are deemed subjective due to the absence of comparison to a similar occurrence in the past. According to Rees, one way of checking whether an experiment is safe would be to examine if such has occurred naturally. For example, the negligible probabilities posited by experts may be acceptable in light of the fact that particles randomly crash into other atomic nuclei in space. This shows that space is not as "breakable" as envisaged by physicist. However, the mechanics change once the accelerators become more powerful, thus, no longer replicating what naturally occurs. The same concerns are encountered with the plans of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States and CERN Laboratory in Geneva to crash atoms more forcefully. Issues regarding safety is raised since no adequate reassurance is established considering that the conditions are different from what occurs naturally. Even if two notable theories were asserted in relation to the improbability of strangelet formation and characteristics, many experts still question the sufficiency of such claims. In view of the above, Rees opines that it is not reasonable to conduct an experiment if the downside may entail finality and completeness of extinction. As such, experiments with "doomsday downside" should not be permitted unless the general public is assured that the risk such undertaking may entail is within

Introduction to Business Assignment Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Business Assignment Essay AIM: I have been requested by Peter Eskesen to look at two contrasting business organisations and one of who must operate in the secondary/manufacturing industry and the other corporation must be a service provider from the tertiary sector. I must then look at the activities that each of them fulfil and look at the effectiveness of them within each organisation. I have decided to look at the activities of G. E lighting which is an American company and a direct division of the biggest company in the world G. E and the second company of which I have decided to look at is Sainsburys who is amongst some of the most dominant market leading companies operating in the U. K in the supermarket sector. Both of the companies that I have decided to look at are both owned by shareholders which means that people have bought shares into them. However having said that, as G. E lighting is an American company it means that it will not be listed on the London Stock Exchange but will alternatively be listed upon the New York stock exchange market. If a person wanted to buy shares in GE lighting then they would have to contact a broker. Furthermore, Sainsburys is also a Public Limited Company because it is like before, listed upon the London Stock Exchange. Today General Electric is made up of many departments/divisions. For example G. E Lighting in Enfield is part of a Global Business, which operates in over 100 worldwide countries and also holds work for over 300,000 people worldwide too. Television programming, Plastics and G. E Aircraft Engines for example, is the biggest engine maker and supplier in the world with operations in over 40 different countries. 1 On the next page you will find GEs product portfolio. Sainsburys supermarkets employ over 145,000 people (including Savacentre). Of these 145,000 people, 60% are part time based workers and 40% are full time workers. 62% of the labour forces are women which show that since the 19th Century equal opportunities have shifted and women have the same rights as men to be able to work. Furthermore, Sainsburys Supermarkets serves well over 11 million customers a week and as from May 2003, had 535 stores open throughout the UK. Nearly 60% of their stores are located upon town centres and others built on the edge of centre locations in the greenbelt areas where land is cheaper and have better connections. Like GE, Sainsburys also have sub divisions or Subsidiary companies that they own. For example the other activities that they operate or run besides Groceries, include a chain of Sainsburys Banks, Shaws, JS Development and Sainsburys Property Development. Shaws Supermarkets Inc. has been a completely owned Subsidiary of J Sainsburys plc since 1987 and partly owned since 1983. Shaws serves over four million customers a week, and as at May 2003 had 193 stores open in New England, USA. In June 1999, J Sainsburys plc acquired the entire share capital of Star Markets for a total consideration of $497 million dollars which is the equivalent to i 313 million British pounds. Star Markets operates in the Metropolitan Boston area, Washington DC. The acquisition took Shaws Supermarkets to the number 2 position in New England and as the dominant market leader in Houston, Massachusetts. Like Sainsburys Supermarkets, the US operations place an emphasis on high quality food at value for money prices, and are persistently recuperating and improving their range of fresh foods. The corporation offers approximately 50,000 different lines, up to 35,000 per store at any one time. Some 5,000 popular brand products account for 40 per cent sales and as at June 2003, Shaws employs some 28,400 associates.

Metaphysical Poetry - the flea + sune rising Essay -- essays research

Metaphysical poets use startling juxtapositions in their poetry to create a greater significance in their arguments and intended meanings throughout the poem. John Donne is said to be the unsurpassed metaphysical poet, metaphysical poetry being poetry relating to a group of 17-century English poets whose verse is typified by an intellectually arduous style, admitting extended metaphors and comparing very disparate things. In 17th century England new discoveries were being made and social customs such as men being the dominant over women still applied. Through Donne’s poetry we can see that he is goaded and confused by the new discoveries and the social customs avert him from reaching his desires. This is incalculably recognized in his two poems, â€Å"The Sunne Rising† and â€Å"The Flea† where Donne’s arguments challenge some beliefs of the 17th century England. Through â€Å"The Sunne Rising† we gain a sense of meaning that Donne is irritated and perplexed with new discoveries and that he believes his love is everything in the whole world. In â€Å"The Flea† we can see Donne challenging the social costumes of the 17th century, such as chastity of women, his tremendous persistence to sexually unite with the woman and the overall dominance presented over the woman. In both of these poems Donne uses vividly striking differences in the argument to emphasize the overall meaning of the poem. These dramatic contrasts include conceit, binary opposition, imagery, specific words and the movement of the poem, which are additionally affirmed by poetic devices. The â€Å"Sunne Rising† implies that when a couple unearths perfect love together they become one, shaping a world of their own, which has no need for the outside world. He suggests that even the physical laws of the universe must defer to those persons caught up in the larger universe of infatuation. We also see Donne is going through a struggle of the old and new during the poem. In the â€Å"Sunne Rising† Donne uses a number of dramatic contrasts; a contrast of old and new things, beautiful and stunning imagery reflected on his lover, and the movement of the poem to help shape his meaning. In the very first line of the poem, using direct address, Donne states â€Å"Busie old foole, unruly Sunne,† this first line begins one of the meanings presented in the poem; the struggle between old and new things. This struggle is heavily displayed in t... ...elps us to see just how determined Donne is. Another way in which Donne accentuates his meaning is through the poetic devices, rhythm and rhyme. The poem has irregular lines of iambic tetrameter and pentameter. Through the poem Donne varies the rhythm to highlight particular words or phrases, â€Å"mark but this flea, and mark in this† instead of opening with an unstressed syllable as in iambic form; Donne strains the word, â€Å"mark†. This is important in accentuating his argument. The poem follows the aabbbccddd rhyme scheme. This constant pattern mirrors the speaker’s persistence as he proceeds with his demands for intimacy throughout the poem. The dramatic movement and specific poetic devices in this poem successfully help to shape Donne’s meanings and altering arguments. Through both â€Å"The Sunne Rising† and â€Å"The Flea†, the reader can see how Donne has ingeniously employed Dramatic contrasts to shape his meanings and accentuate his arguments. These Dramatic contrasts give the reader an enhanced feeling of place, time and what Donne is feeling. Through each startling juxtaposition, the readers’ attention is renewed and obtained, leading them to find out Donne’s intentions for the poem.

“if you forget me” pablo neruda Essay

This poem dramatizes the conflict between the poet’s passionate burning desire and unconditional love for a woman, and his stern attitude toward her if she doesn’t feel the same. By demonstrating excellent personification, imagery, and sentimentality, this poet portrays love, compassion, and optimism. Although the poet expresses deep emotion for his love, he also acknowledges that love can be dangerous, and refuses to be damaged. To begin with, while explicating this poem, it was evident to make the assumption that the poet has experienced pain once or twice in his life. The author begins to describe his love for a woman that is so powerful, that it is evident that he would go above and beyond to satisfy her. Arguably, this poem could in fact pertain to the risk, and terror of making oneself available to love and to be loved, which by nature makes oneself vulnerable to incredible hurt and pain. This is the poet’s manifesto in the face of such terror, and he does it with authenticity, vulnerability, and authority. As analyzed by literary analyst Donald S. Walsh, â€Å"This [poem] is vintage Neruda, with all the passion and fickleness of desire. The underlying melancholy is beautifully brought out by the conversational style (a la Mir Taqi Mir) – the conceit would have been metaphysical had it not been for the pain inherent in every verse. † This is love that is hurting, that has been hurt in the past, and yet is open to being hurt again. In the opening stanza of this poem, Neruda underlines his authority with a stern, passive statement: â€Å"I want you to know one thing† (1) this is an obvious attempt to warn the reader that Neruda is in charge of the future conflict. Proceeding to the following stanza, Neruda illustrates the beauty of nature and compares it to the beauty of love by using keen personification and visual imagery. Such as, â€Å"the wrinkled body of the log† (10) and â€Å"as if everything that exists, aromas, lights, metals, were little boats that sail, toward those isles of yours that wait for me. †(12-16) This opening stanza gives the reader the inference that the poet is whole-heartedly committed to this woman. The poet also uses an oxymoron to demonstrate his love in lines (7-9), â€Å"if I touch near the fire the impalpable ash. † Impalpable meaning â€Å"untouchable. † Neruda stresses an excessive amount of sentimentality throughout the beginning of this poem. Proceeding to the third stanza, the poet’s mood completely changes, â€Å"If little by little you stop loving me, I shall stop loving you little by little† this refers back to the first stanza where once again the narrator refuses to be subject to vulnerability. Lines (20-24) stresses the solemnness of the poet by asserting that â€Å"if suddenly you forget [him], do not look for [him] for [he] shall already have forgotten you. † The fifth stanza demonstrates effective use of symbolism by Neruda. â€Å"To leave me at the shore of the heart where I have roots† (29) Neruda is now referring back to the â€Å"isles† of [hers] (16) underlining that the narrator is symbolizing that his body is a tree, and his heart is the roots that have grown deep into the isle (the woman), and have adapted. Neruda then accentuates that if the woman were to leave him at the shore where he has become accustomed to, that â€Å"on that day, at that hour, I shall lift my arms, and my roots will set off to seek another land† (31-35) claiming that the narrator will not wait for her to come back, and he will in fact find another love. Ultimately, Neruda unexpectedly returns to his sentimentality throughout the last stanza, offering optimism. Beginning the stanza with â€Å"but† became very powerful, considering that this was meant to stand-alone; the narrator is offering somewhat of a compromise. The poet then returns to the love entrenched speaker he is sought out to be. â€Å"If each day, each hour, you feel that you are destined for me with implacable sweetness†¦in me all that fire is repeated. In me nothing is extinguished or forgotten. † (36-44) This is where Neruda emphasizes his true heart felt love for this woman, by illustrating that if the feeling is mutual nothing will defer his love. Finally in line (45) Neruda connects this poem with a lasting thought, and possibly a theme. â€Å"My love feeds on your love, beloved† Demonstrating his compassion with a lasting effect. Throughout this poem there are no evident signs of rhythm, or rhyme; although, the reader may view this as very effective. This, in turn, was perhaps intended by the poet because love in most cases, is unpredictable. There was, however, a noticeable pattern when discovering the poet’s mood. The first stanza was a warning, the second, a beautiful picture painted by the poet of love. Neruda continues this pattern with repetitive use of the word â€Å"if† which may be referred to as a presupposition. â€Å"If you suddenly forget me, do not look for me, I shall have already forgotten you†. (20-24) This line can be interpreted as, â€Å"if she forgets him, he will forget her first. † Neruda finally discontinues this pattern by returning to the mood of the second stanza by incorporating beautiful imagery and personification once again. This, in fact insures that the poet is unafraid of the risks of falling in love, but remains completely aware. According to the Poetry Society Of America, â€Å"anyone who knows anything about Pablo Neruda knows that he is considered the ‘poet of love’†. Which is clearly demonstrated throughout this poem. Neruda was effective in creating a love story, one of which can be interpreted in many ways. Neruda painted the reader a vivid picture with the use of personification and the beauty of love. After diagnosing this poem, the tone, form, and consistency of Neruda really fit the overall â€Å"love to be loved† theme.

There Are 2 Brands of Cell Phones That Are Almost Identical Except for Some Minor Features: the a-Phone and the Pomegranate

There are 2 brands of cell phones that are almost identical except for some minor features: the A-Phone and the Pomegranate. Part I For this part of the assignment, we will focus on the demand curve. Draw the demand curve for the A-Phone. Explain how the graph, price, and quantity demanded will change if the following occurs: †¢There is an overall increase in income. †¢It is discovered that there are health concerns when using cell phones. What happens to the supply of cell phones if the market price goes up? For this part of the assignment, we will focus on the supply curve. Explain what happens to the price and quantity supplied and how it reflects on a graph if the following occurs: †¢It becomes more expensive to produce cell phones. †¢Another company starts producing cell phones, and now there are 3 producers in the market. Part III For this part of the assignment, we are going to focus on demand and supply on the same graph. Draw a graph which shows the equilibrium price of cell phones. Explain what the graph is showing. When the new manufacturer introduces the Robo cell phone to the market, how does that affect the equilibrium price if the Robo is basically the same as the other cell phones? Part IV As the public’s dependence on cell phones continues to grow, the cost of the phones may be decreasing, but the stronghold that telecommunication companies have on the public in regards to contracts and climbing fees is alarming. Additionally, all cell phone companies charge about the same prices, and the consumers do not have much choice in substituting providers. Consumers appear to need some controls in this regard, and the government decides to step in. †¢What is the effect of government intervention in the cell phone market? Make sure that you use graphs to illustrate your point. †¢Is this a good thing for consumers? On the other hand, the government sees the increase in cell phone use as an opportunity to make some additional revenue, and it decides to tax service providers. †¢Who is really paying the tax? †¢Illustrate your conclusion on a graph. †¢Do you think that there is a free market for cell phone users? Why or why not?

How to Tell If an Element Is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic

How to Tell If an Element Is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic Materials may be classified as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic based on their response to an external magnetic field. Ferromagnetism is a large effect, often greater than that of the applied magnetic field, that persists even in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Diamagnetism is a property that opposes an applied magnetic field, but its very weak. Paramagnetism is stronger than diamagnetism  but weaker than ferromagnetism. Unlike ferromagnetism, paramagnetism does not persist once the external magnetic field is removed because thermal motion randomizes the ​electron spin orientations. The strength of paramagnetism is proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. Paramagnetism occurs because electron orbits form current loops that produce a magnetic field and contribute a magnetic moment. In paramagnetic materials, the magnetic moments of the electrons dont completely cancel each other out. How Diamagnetism Works All materials are diamagnetic. Diamagnetism occurs when orbital electron motion forms tiny current loops, which produce magnetic fields. When an external magnetic field is applied, the current loops align and oppose the magnetic field. Its an atomic variation of Lenzs law, which states induced magnetic fields oppose the change that formed them. If the atoms have a net magnetic moment, the resulting paramagnetism overwhelms the diamagnetism. Diamagnetism is also overwhelmed when long-range ordering of atomic magnetic moments produces ferromagnetism. So paramagnetic materials are also diamagnetic, but because paramagnetism is stronger, that is how they are classified. Its worth noting, any conductor exhibits strong diamagnetism in the presence of a changing magnetic field because circulating currents will oppose magnetic field lines. Also, any superconductor is a perfect diamagnet because there is no resistance to the formation of current loops. You can determine whether the net effect in a sample is diamagnetic or paramagnetic by examining the electron configuration of each element. If the electron subshells are completely filled with electrons, the material will be diamagnetic because the magnetic fields cancel each other out. If the electron subshells are incompletely filled, there will be a magnetic moment and the material will be paramagnetic. Paramagnetic vs Diamagnetic Example Which of the following elements would be expected to be paramagnetic? Diamagnetic? HeBeLiN Solution All of the electrons are spin-paired in diamagnetic elements so their subshells are completed, causing them to be unaffected by magnetic fields. Paramagnetic elements are strongly affected by magnetic fields because their subshells are not completely filled with electrons. To determine whether the elements are paramagnetic or diamagnetic, write out the electron configuration for each element. He: 1s2 subshell is filledBe: 1s22s2 subshell is filledLi: 1s22s1 subshell is not filledN: 1s22s22p3 subshell is not filled Answer Li and N are paramagnetic.He and Be are diamagnetic. The same situation applies to compounds as to elements. If there are unpaired electrons, they will cause an attraction to an applied magnetic field (paramagnetic). If there are no unpaired electrons, there will be no attraction to an applied magnetic field (diamagnetic). An example of a paramagnetic compound would be the coordination complex [Fe(edta)3]2-. An example of a diamagnetic compound would be  NH3.

Personal statement of admission in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal statement of admission in USA - Essay Example Since this period, my desire and fascination in computers and programming grew rapidly. When I joined secondary school, I learned various programming languages including C++ and HTML. This enabled me to conduct a presentation concerning these languages during the career day in the school. My fellow students were extremely amazed, based on my understanding of the languages. After this session, I was utterly motivated to select computer science as a personal career. I was satisfied by the decision because I usually enjoy acquiring new skills and information. In most cases, I use the acquired skills to enable my adaptation in the fast-changing world. This has also enhanced my interest in the innovation sector. According to my personal thinking, computer science would give me an incentive to improve personally and gain information. When I joined the University in Saudi Arabia, I was familiar with most of the freshman courses in the discipline of computer science and information technolog y. The facile nature of computers has even made it possible for me to gain more information in the study of computer science and information technology. Moreover, the versatility of computers has also solidified my interest in the discipline of computer science and information technology, hence; exposing me to the enormous potential of computers. The study of computers has also widened my background in certain concepts. This has left me enchanted and rapt in regard to the developing field. In addition, I have also gained practical knowledge in the discipline of computer science and information technology. I have managed to achieve this through the project works and internships. I completed my bachelor degree and majored in Computer Science and Information technology in Saudi Arabia. After this, I started studying English as a second language in a full time program (Extensive program) in USA at FLS International at Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania since April 2011 until December 2011. Later on, I transferred to complete my English program at the University of Pennsylvania Institute since January 2012 till now. In most of the courses that I have studied in the bachelor program, I have gotten high scores, which have been helpful in my studies. Some of these courses include distributed systems and parallel processing, design and analysis of algorithms, computers architecture, operating systems, advanced databases, and software engineering. I have also scored highly in some of the courses related to mathematics including linear algebra, principles of statistics and probabilities, and differential and integral calculus. The experience I gained from this study was of extreme value to me. I integrated the knowledge gained with the serviceability and functionality of a variety of worldly applications. Through this, I took hold of the application of computer technologies in various sections of life. I have also tried to follow some of the technological innovations and design through gaining facts from different sources. Some of these information resources include attending technological conferences and seminars and reading books related to technological advancement. Also, in order to acquire knowledge on this widespread technology, I familiarized myself on them through a variety of certification courses.

Adoption in Louisiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adoption in Louisiana - Essay Example Different states have different adoption regulations in the US (Child Welfare Research Institute, 2012). In the state of Louisiana, several conditions determine the qualification of an individual as an adoptive parent (FindLaw, 2012). These include the conditions that the individual must be 18 years and above, are single, divorced, or married, rent or own adequate housing for another child, be financially stable, be in good mental and physical health (Adoption Media, 2012). Other conditions include having adequate transportation (Department of Children and Family Services, 2012). Louisiana laws, agency policy, and the Bureau of Licensing stipulate some regulations for certification of foster parent (Louisiana State, 2006). These include completion of MAPP/GPS pre-service training (7 sessions), submission of application for certification, state police and FBI criminal record clearance, State Central Registry for Child Abuse and Neglect clearance, physical and medical examination for communicable diseases, fingerprints for all adult family members, agree to non-corporal punishment (Adopt ion Media, 2012). Additionally, an individual must provide five non-related referees, agree to meet the requirement of completing 15 hours of annual in-service training, interview to all members of your family, participate in individual home study, and their home must meet health, fire safety, and environmental requirements, as well as a one-year-and-a-half home residency (FindLaw, 2012). Louisiana State laws allow qualified individual to adopt any child or adult, but there are special procedures for adult adoption (Adoption Media, 2012). These include completing the Model Approach to Partnership in Parenting (MAPP). A resident citizen in Louisiana may also adopt a child from any other state apart form Louisiana, or even country (Adoption Media, 2012). Nonetheless, this requires the use of adoption agencies that

Chilhood obsity Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilhood obsity - Research Proposal Example On course of the research, the researcher introduces a healthy child to the study population strata to act as a control variable for validating the tests. The researcher then compares the test results obtained from the obese children and the healthy child through a comprehensive and analytic process. If the obese children’s research proves positive for the health-associated benefits, then the researcher drafts a conclusion that obesity results in the benefits. The first instrument essential for this study is the heart rate distribution recorders in the clinical set-ups in Tampa, Florida. The instrument helps in the measurement of heart rate to ascertain the health associated benefits. The device is an eight-register integrator that is applied in recording the heart rate over a long duration usually 24 hours and over. The data recorded helps in assessing the daily physical activity in children who are the target group for this research. The instrument records the cardiac beat-to-beat interval in seven registers with a range of 40 to 225 H4 per minutes. The researcher tests for validity of the instrument through simultaneous evaluation of a manual acoustic monitoring system, an established system. Comparisons of the results from both the instruments should concur thereby validating the chosen instrument for the research. The next instruments are the weighing balance and tape measure to measure the weight against an individual’s height that is usable in calculating BMI. The instruments help in the classification and identification of the obese members of the population in Tampa, Florida. The researcher validates the instruments by taking measurements using the instruments and then ascertaining credibility by checking against accredited instruments by the state. Obesity is a leading cause of deaths in America. The government strives to design and research on the best preventive measures to adopt to reduce the

Savil Building by Glen Howells Architects Essay

Savil Building by Glen Howells Architects - Essay Example In its design, its response to the site, the climate, the design requirement, it has surpassed the programme. That's what makes it unique, 'high architecture' or in plainer words an award winner! This essay investigates the architectural qualities of the Savill Building with specific reference to the following themes: Beauty or the aesthetic value of every building is an important feature of every structure established within certain locations. It is also closely related to the time and place of the architectural event. Thus, modernists like Philip Johnson see deconstructivism as 'warped' and the International Style as 'pure'. It is about the contrast between 'perfection and violated perfection'.1 The many trends in architecture after modernism suggest a pluralist society where too many issues are equally important. However, in the collective concern for the environment and attempts at conserving and reusing and generally trying to contain one's carbon footprint, we may have finally, the one world- religion that will generate an aesthetic that may be most persuasive of recent trends.2 And the Savill Building illustrates this beautifully both figuratively and literally. Through improving the landscape of the park, the building creates a profound experience for the visitors making them feel like they belong to the landscape itself. The dome shape of the roof creates an illusion that the entire building is one continuous structure that follows the dictates of the landforms so sensitively that it is difficult to perceive where building ends and landscape begins. It fits in with its surroundings hand-in-glove, not just in terms of building profile but also in terms of its material for construction that was judiciously selected and felled on site itself. Of all the other features of the complex, the structure of the building stands out as the chief characteristic of the complex. Being a part of the whole landscape works well for the Savill Building as it utilizes the natural beauty of the location where the structure is established. The complete building created not only for catering to its distinct functions it aims also to enhance the entire natural landscape of the site3. This capability of the structure to bring out the natural essence of the beauty that the location itself posses makes the complete conception a complimentary element to the landscape. 2. Nature Seen and Sensed The major features of the shapes and elements that make up the building actually create a more sophisticated presentation of nature. The carefully crafted design that mimics the entirety of scale and location highlights the abundance of nature creating an 'environment of seemingly untamed, ever-productive free growth'4. A curved glazed curtain wall allows the visitor to view the 'spectacular' landscape over the terrace.5 The glazing allows natural light to enter the building giving it better chances of being appropriately lit during the day right up to mid afternoon. The glazing 'frames' the scenic view of the natural landscape of the gardens for which the interiors of the building create a perfect foil. Hills and

Dells Generic Strategy Business Essay

Dells Generic Strategy Business Essay Introduction Dell Computer Corporation was started in 1984 by Michael Dell, who had the simplistic view that personal computers could be built and sold directly to customers (Suite 101, 2009) alongside this ideology that Dell, could best understand consumer needs and efficiently provide the most effective computing solution to tailor those needs (Information Systems Management, unknown date). So Dells mission is to be The most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve (Dell, 2010(a)).In doing so, Dell aim to meet customer expectations of: Highest quality Leading technology Competitive pricing Individual and company accountability Best-in-class service and support Flexible customization capability Superior corporate citizenship Financial stability (About, 2010) So, Dell, since the last 26 years, has become a mass producer of standardised products and has evolved dramatically since they were first formed in 1984. The company, at first, merely took orders on the phone to help fulfil their policy of building custom built personal computers (PCs) (Dell,2010, (b)).However, the company then gained first-mover advantage in the mid 1990s, when it became one of the first companies to offer PCs online (Chaffey, 2007, p.239).In 2008, Dell was one of the market leaders in the worldwide PC market with sales around US$41 billion (lynch, 2009, p.789) and since their evolution, Dell, have diversified their product range and scope from small desktop computers to large server computers-to individuals, businesses and other organisations (Schneider, 2006, p.108). In 2009 in they owned a global market share of 12.4% in the number of PCs shipped worldwide, with only Hewlett Packard (21%)and Acer (13.4%) preceding them during this period (Bloomberg, 2010). Notably, this was the first time Dell had fell behind Acer in the second spot as the worlds largest computer-maker and this was primarily due to Acer producing low-cost net books and other inexpensive home computers at a reduced operating margin (Bloomberg, 2010).However, recently, in 2010,they did move back into second place in the global PC manufacturing market ahead of Acer but only slightly as they had a 12.8% market share compared to Acers 12.4% (Afterdawn, 2010).So this level of competition has been intense since 2006 as companies such as HP and Acer were vastly reducing the cost of their global network suppliers, which forced Dell to enter into new global markets such as in China ( George and Jones, 2009,p.195). However, Dell, see their strengths in the commercial and corporate market ( Techeye, 2010), as this is still their dominant market, even though home consumers are an ever growing element of their strategy. So, Dells competitors now include both, domestic manufacturers of PCs such as Apple and HP as well as, overseas competitors such as Sony, Acer and Lenovo in Asia (Jones George, 2009, p.195). This essay will therefore explore Dells generic hybrid strategy and the activities which constitute this strategy. This will then lead to a value chain analysis of the company, which can be used as a tool to emphasise the linkage between the primary and support activities which are used to create value within Dell. This will then pave show how these added values create a distinctive competence within Dell, which, overall, have lead to competitive advantage since the company began to aggressively cut its costs and prices to increase their global market share in the 2000s (Jones and George, 2009,p.195). Dells Generic Strategy Michael Porters Generic Strategy Model (1980) was created to specify how companies use generic business strategies, to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. This encompasses how companies use cost reduction and/or differentiation within their product and services to appeal to a particular broad or narrow segment of the market, in order to gain this competitive advantage. Overall Dell, operate a hybrid broad focus strategy and this can derived be from Porters Generic Strategy Model obtained from the Mind Tools website (2010): In order to understand Dells generic strategy we must explain the different segments of this model Firstly, cost leadership occurs when a company achieves lower costs than its rivals and competes across a broad range of segment (Ogden and Wersun, 2007, p.282). On the other hand, differentiation is when a company has a range of clearly differentiated products which appeal to different segments of the market (Ogden and Wersun, 2007, p.282). However, Dell, appear to operate on a hybrid strategy, similarly to the car manufacturing industry, which incorporates both the cost leadership and differentiation elements of Porters model. A hybrid strategy, overall, seeks simultaneously to achieve differentiation and a price lower than that of competitors (Johnson et al, 2008, p.230). So, Dell, use both of these aspects, but in a broad focus since they offer their products on a wide scale, as explained earlier, as they offer both corporate and commercial solutions to small, medium and large sized enterprises but also satisfy the needs of users within different spectrums such as within the public sector right down to the home user. This is explained by on their homepage when they state: For more than 26 years, Dell has empowered countries, communities, customers and people everywhere to use technology to realize their dreams. Customers trust us to deliver technology solutions that help them do and achieve more, whether theyre at home, work, school or anywhere in their world (Dell, 2010(c)). So the focus is very much broad, but Dell has this direct business model which involves gathering customer needs and tailoring that solution to meet their requirements For instance, Premier Dell.com offers technological solutions to businesses which helps them manage all phases of computer ownership such as purchasing, asset management and product support(Chaffey, 2007, p.97) So their broad direct focus helps simultaneously create both cost leadership and differentiation strategies and helps explain why, perhaps they have been one of the most successful PC manufacturing corporations in the world. So how does Dell use both of these strategic elements of Porters model? Firstly, with cost leadership, Dells direct business model involves purchasing standardised components which ultimately minimises the need for expensive research and development and sales are then made direct over the Internet to customers (Ogden Wersun, 2007) thus eliminating retailers that add necessary time and cost, or/who can diminish Dells understanding of customer expectations. (Information Systems Management, unknown date). So this results in low costs and is a very aggressive pricing policy which helps gain market share from any competitor whom has taken their eye of the ball and has let their costs increase (Ogden Wersun, 2007, p.60). Consequently, Dell have lower manufacturing and distribution costs than most of their competitors, thus they have achieved a cost leadership strategy over their rivals. However, another school of though can equally argue that within Dells generic strategy lies a differentiation strategy. This also exists within their direct business model as consumers can design their own computers which tailor their own unique needs and specifications. This is differentiation as Dell not only offers differentiated products to specific users, but also to specific markets(small, medium, large-sized, public sector, businesses, etc), thus reinstating this concept of the company having a broad focus. Hence, Dells direct sales model has allowed it to differentiate its PC products by allowing customers to design their own computer system and offering complementary services such as online customer support, three-year-on-site warranty, web hosting, installation and configuration of customers hardware and software (Grant, R.M, 2005, p272).Furthermore, Timmers (1999, p.227) stated how Dell, on their website, dont merely offer the best PC offer of the month approach but rather an approach which offers discounts for large purchases which are tailored to that particular individual or company, as well as having support which is customised to users needs (Dell, 2010 (c)). However this whole concept could be challenged as many people would be reluctant to buy a Dell PC without testing it in store first, however this argument becomes less relevant as more and more of us know people who have bought a Dell computer, since we can inspect theirs (Ogden Wersun, 2007, p.61). Notably, Schneider (2005,p.305) also argued that because Dell made most of their sales online, they often unintentionally left themselves exposed to the laws and ethics of the banking industry and in this case, in1999, they had offered monthly payment setups to customers without disclosing the full details of the lease plan associated with this payment scheme. So, this pinpoints how despite Dell having a successful online strategy, they could be left vulnerable to changes in the legal environment, which could clash with their online customisation policy. Nevertheless, Dells hybrid strategy was a clever one; not only did it conjunctively produce cost effective manufacturing policies and customised products, but it also overcame the barrier of having access to new suppliers or distributers which can be arduous for companies gaining and sustaining success within an online market. This factor can be analysed in more depth from the companys value chain activities. The Value Chain of Dell Overall, the following value chain model by Michael Porter helps analyse the type of activities within Dells value chain and how they interlink with one another, to fulfil their generic strategy. Dells customisation policy of tailoring technological solutions to satisfy individual or company needs, has provided the company with the two main advantages of being able to reduce marketing and sales costs by eliminating their intermediaries and building to order which, overall, reduces inventory costs (suite 101, 2009). This originally led to soaring profits, as the internet has, ultimately, allowed Dell to extend the scope of their sales at a reasonably low marginal cost This following diagram allows a more definitive insight into how Dells value chain operates: (Dedrick and Kraemer, 2001) Dell, unlike their competitors, actually eliminates the need for distributors and retailers to sell their product, which as mentioned earlier creates cost leadership. Hence, this direct PC value chain, works around this built to order (BTO) strategy. The BTO process begins with the customer placing an order through the internet, phone or email and then it takes approximately one day to process the order (Turban et al, 2006, p.506). This then corresponds to this concept of just-in-time management as here Dell, only purchase the necessary parts which are needed for that particular order with the result being that inventories are kept to a minimum. Michael Dell emphasised this whole idea when he stated: We tell our suppliers exactly what our daily production requirements are. So its not, well every two week deliver 5,000 to this warehouse and well put them on the shelf, and then well take them off the shelf. Its tomorrow morning we need 8.562 and deliver them to door number seven by 7am. (Mhhe,1997). So, in the Dell manufacturing process, parts come into their factory to fulfil actual customer orders hence no PCs are made for stock, so there is no cost of hiding stock (Lynch, 2009, p.789). This also has the advantage that if a supplier such as Intel, launches a new computer chip, then Dell is not caught with high stocks of the old chip (Lynch, 2009, p.789), allowing the company to efficiently keep up with changes in technology. Therefore Dells procurement support activities i.e. purchasing of stock, play a pivotal role in executing these strategies of BTO and JIT, both, before and after the product has been sold. So what are the exact support and primary activities that Dell has used, in conjunction with one another, which has lead to them adding value to their activities? A traditional firm usually incorporates a make-to-forecast strategy in which products are produced from long-term demands of consumers. Hence, when considering Porters value chain activities, here the primary activities of the value chain move from inbound logistics to operations to outbound logistics and then to marketing and sales (Turban et al, 2006, p.506). However, since Dell manufactures the product only after an order has been given, then the marketing and sales support activity is moved to the front of the value chain (Turban et al, 2006, p506). Notably the inbound logistics element is important since the correct parts have to be delivered but since the holding of stock isnt necessary with Dell due to their JIT system, then it becomes less meaningful. Therefore the operations segment which transfers the supplies into the finished customised product and the service segment which Dell exemplifies to help the end-user(s) maintain their products i.e. the PCs value after the PC ha s been delivered, are the key primary elements of Porters Value Chain in which Dell uses. However, without the marketing and sales aspect these primary activities couldnt be executed since customised orders wouldnt be known and this has a direct link to the support activities of technology and procurement, as technology i.e. the internet allows Dell to sell their products to their customers and without it, it would be arduous to establish their hybrid strategy and procurement mechanisms are pivotal in maintaining their BTO and JIT policies since this deals with the acquisition of supplies in the more efficient way. There are though some criticisms of Dells value chain activities. Such as, the BTO strategy is sensitive to short term changes in demand. For example if a particular computer component suddenly becomes wildly popular or temporary unavailable, the standard supply in inventory may diminish fast, and customer orders will not be completed on time (Turban et al, 2006, p.507). Also, in terms of their service function. Orman (2007) argued that despite Dell providing one of the most effective support systems to its customers the company, fails to provide comparisons to the products of other vendors such as HP and also fails to compare products from one class to another such as desktops in relation to notebooks., Nevertheless though, Turban et al (2006, p.507) highlighted that by using key value chain activities such as operations and technology, Dell showed the world that when these are used effectively and efficiently, they can be used to gain a competitive advantage creates a distinctive c ompetence and therefore leads to competitive advantage. Competitive Advantage of Dell By orchestrating a SWOT analysis of Dell, we can clearly see the key components which